Cluster ranking
The GII reveals the world’s top 100 science and
technology (S&T) clusters and identifies the most S&Tintensive top global clusters.

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The GII 2023 top 100 science and technology clusters

Recognizing that innovation output at the local level is equally as important as output at the national level, the Global Innovation Index (GII) continues to chart the world’s largest top 100 science and technology (S&T) clusters (see Map 1). These are the geographical areas around the world where the highest density of inventors and scientific authors are located (see Appendix IV for details on the methodological adjustment employed).

For a second time, the GII 2023 also presents S&T clusters beyond the top 100, shedding light on clusters not normally highlighted within this section.

Tokyo–Yokohama and four other Asian clusters lead the top 100 S&T clusters

Among the top 100, Tokyo–Yokohama (Japan) is the top performing cluster, followed by Shenzhen–Hong Kong–Guangzhou (China and Hong Kong, China), Seoul (Republic of Korea), Beijing (China) and Shanghai–Suzhou (China).

Seoul (Republic of Korea) climbs one place to third in the rankings overtaking Beijing (China) in fourth, in 2023.1

Shanghai–Suzhou (China) rises one place to enter the top 5, primarily owing to a strong growth in PCT filings. San Jose–San Francisco, CA (United States) follows in sixth position.2

The four remaining top 10 clusters are unchanged on the previous year, with the exception of San Diego, CA, which climbs two places from 11th to 9th with New York City, NY dropping a place to 10th and Paris two places to 12th.

Map 1 Top 100 clusters worldwide, 2023

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, May 2023.
Note: Noise refers to all inventor/author locations not classified in a cluster.

The highest climbers in the ranking are three clusters in China, namely, Zhenjiang (+15 positions), Hefei (+13) and Wuxi (+13). Following significant growth, Wuxi and Zhenjiang, together with another Chinese cluster, Fuzhou (+8 positions) enter the top 100 for the first time.

It is clusters in China that have recorded the largest increases in S&T output in 2023, the median increase equating to +12.1 percent, with that economy hosting the two fastest growing clusters globally – Hefei (+21.6 percent) and Qingdao (+19.4 percent).3

Clusters located in other middle-income economies besides China also experienced strong S&T output growth, four of which were in India, namely, Chennai (+10.3), Bengaluru (+7.9 percent), Mumbai (+7.1 percent) and Delhi (+5.4 percent).

High-income economy clusters generally grew at a slower pace than clusters in middle-income economies, with 26 out of the 67 high-income clusters actually experiencing negative net S&T output for the period. That said, there are some notable exceptions to this trend among highincome economy clusters. In addition to San Diego, CA (+7.5 percent) and Seoul (+6.4 percent) already highlighted, Daejeon (Republic of Korea, +7.8 percent), Denver, CO (United States, +4.4 percent), Rome (Italy, +4.0 percent) and Milan (Italy, +3.7 percent) all experienced strong S&T output in comparison to other high-income clusters.

The top S&T clusters for each economy or cross-border region are shown in Table 6. The leading clusters per country remain unchanged from last year, except for Munich overtaking Cologne to become the leading German S&T cluster.

The cluster around Singapore now encapsulates Johor Bahru, Malaysia, which lies to the north of Singapore, with a significant amount of daily commuting occurring from Malaysia to Singapore.

Table 6 Top S&T cluster by economy or cross-border region ranked among the top 100, 2023

Rank	Cluster name	Economy	Top applicant	Top organization
1	Tokyo-Yokohama	JP	Mitsubishi Electric	Universityof Tokyo
2	Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou	CN/HK	Huawei	Sun Yat Sen University
3	Seoul	KR	Samsung Electronics	Seoul National University
4	Beijing	CN	BOE Technology	Tsinghua University
6	SanJose-San Francisco,CA	Us	Google	Stanford University
12Paris		FR	PSAAutomobiles	Sorbonne Universite
20	London	GB	Nicoventures Trading	University College London
22	Munich	DE	BMW	Technical University of Munich
26	Amsterdam-Rotterdam	NL	TNO	Utrecht University
27	Taipei-Hsinchu	TW*	Hewlett-Packard	National Taiwan University
30	Tel Aviv-Jerusalem	I	Yeda Research and Development	Hebrew University ofJerusalem
31	Moscow	RU	Samsung Electronics	Lomonosov Moscow State University
33	Singapore	SG/MY	A*Star	National UniversityofSingapore
34	Tehran	IR	Ghanbari,Ahmad	University of Tehran
38	Stockholm	SE	LM Ericsson	Karolinska Institutet
42	Melbourne	AU	Monash University	Universityof Melbourne
48	Madrid	ES	LM Ericsson	Complutense University of Madrid
49	Zurich	CH	ETH Zurich	ETH Zurich
50	Milan	I	Pirelli Tyre	University of Milan
51	Brussels-Antwerp	BE	Agfa	KU Leuven
52	Toronto,ON	CA	DH Technologies Development	University of Toronto
56	Bengaluru	IN	Samsung Electronics	IISC- Bangalore
59	Istanbul	TR	Sanovel Ilac Sanayi Ve Ticaret A.S.	Istanbul University
61	Copenhagen	DK	Novo Nordisk	Universityof Copenhagen
72	Sao Paulo	BR	Braskem	Universidadede Sao Paulo
73	Helsinki	FI	Nokia	University of Helsinki
76	Vienna	AT	Technische Universitat Wien	Medical University of Vienna
90	Warsaw	PL	Samsung Electronics	University of Warsaw
97	Basel	CH/DE/FR	DSM IP Assets	University of Basel

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, May 2023.
Notes: Tables in this section use ISO alpha-2 country codes, with the following additions: TW* = Taiwan, Province of China; IISC – Bangalore = Indian Institute of Science – Bangalore; TNO = Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek. Economy labels were assigned to a cluster, when at least 1 percent of a cluster’s output occurred in a given economy.

China overtook the United States in number of top 100 S&T clusters

In 2023, as in previous years, the top 100 S&T clusters are concentrated in three regions, namely, Northern America, Europe and Asia, and more specifically in two countries: China and the United States (see Map 1).

For the first time, in 2023, China is the economy that has the most clusters (24) ranked among the top 100, overtaking the United States with 21 clusters unchanged on the year (see Table 7). Germany follows, with nine clusters in the top 100, with Munich now that economy’s number one cluster followed by Cologne and Stuttgart. Japan has four clusters in the top 100, with Tokyo–Yokohama (1st) and Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto (7th) ranking among the top 10 clusters. France has three clusters in the top 100.

Map 2 Top S&T clusters, East Asia, India, Türkiye and Israel, 2023

(a) East Asia

(b) India

Map 2 Continued
(c) Türkiye and Israel

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, May 2023.

With the exception of China, only five middle-income economies have clusters among the top 100:

– Brazil (1 cluster), with São Paulo, is the sole top 100 S&T cluster in Latin America;

– India (4), with Bengaluru, Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai;

– Islamic Republic of Iran (1), with Tehran;

Russian Federation (1), with Moscow; and

Türkiye (2), with Istanbul and Ankara.4

The two Indian clusters Chennai and Bengaluru experienced the biggest increases in density of inventors and scientific authors.

Table 7 Economies with three or more top 100 S&T clusters, 2023

Top 100Economy Economy name clusters
CN China	24
us United States	21
DE Germany	9
JP Japan	4
CA Canada	4
IN India	4
KR Republic of Korea	4
FR France	3
GB United Kingdom 3
AU Australia 3

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, May 2023.

Beyond the top 100, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Kuala Lumpur and Mexico City are top middle-income economy S&T clusters

Based on the same parameters applied to produce the top 100 ranking S&T clusters globally, the GII 2023 has been able to identify clusters beyond the top 100. In all, 137 additional clusters were identified beyond the top 100, including 24 clusters based in the United States, 16 in China and 11 in each of France and the United Kingdom.

Table 8 identifies top S&T clusters in economies not covered previously in the top 100, including Portugal and Saudi Arabia, which each had two clusters. Two economies not previously identified as having an S&T cluster are Pakistan at Islamabad, mainly driven by academic publications by Quaid-i-Azam University, and Slovenia at Ljubljana, mainly driven by publications by the University of Ljubljana.

Table 8 Top S&T clusters in extended ranking, economies not covered by the top 100 S&T clusters, 2023

Economy	Economy name	Clusters beyond top100	Cluster name(s)
PT	Portugal	2	Lisbon and Porto
SA	Saudi Arabia	2	Dammam and Riyadh
AR	Argentina	1	Buenos Aires
C	Chile	1	Santiago
C	Czech Republic	1	Prague
EG	Egypt	1	Cairo
GR	Greece	1	Athens
HU	Hungary	1	Budapest
IE	Ireland	1	Dublin
M0	Macao, China	1	Macau
MX	Mexico	1	Mexico City
NZ	New Zealand	1	Auckland
NO	Norway	1	Oslo
PK	Pakistan	1	Islamabad
RO	Romania	1	Bucharest
RS	Serbia	1	Belgrade
sI	Slovenia	1	Ljubljana
TH	Thailand	1	Bangkok

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, May 2023.

Middle-income economies, Argentina, Egypt, Mexico, Pakistan, Serbia and Thailand all host a top S&T cluster in the extended list, namely, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Mexico City, Islamabad, Belgrade and Bangkok, respectively.

S&T intensity of the top 100 clusters: Europe and the United States occupy the top 5 spots, with Cambridge (United Kingdom) and San Jose–San Francisco, CA (United States) out in the lead

Since 2020, the GII has also presented the top 100 clusters ranked by S&T intensity, that is, the sum of their patent and scientific publication shares divided by population. This work draws on geospatial imagery in order to estimate the underlying population level (see Appendix IV).

Cambridge in the United Kingdom and San Jose–San Francisco, CA, in the United States were found to be the two most S&T-intensive clusters, followed by Oxford (United Kingdom), Eindhoven (Kingdom of the Netherlands) and Boston–Cambridge, MA (United States) (see Table 9). The most intensive S&T clusters are primarily located in Europe and the United States (see Map 3).

Map 3 European and North American S&T clusters by intensity, 2023
(a) Europe

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, May 2023.

Daejeon (Republic of Korea) is the highest-ranking Asian S&T cluster by intensity.

Only three clusters were in the global top 10 and simultaneously in the top 10 for intensity, all in the United States, namely, San Jose–San Francisco, CA, Boston–Cambridge, MA and San Diego, CA.

Cambridge produced the most SCIE articles per capita, at just over 37,000 per one million people (see Appendix Table 4). It was closely followed by Oxford and Ann Arbor, MI (United States). Eindhoven leads on PCT filings per inhabitant, producing roughly 7,700 per one million people, followed by San Jose–San Francisco, CA.

Table 9 Top 25 S&T clusters by S&T intensity, 2023

Rank per- capita	Cluster name	Economy	Top Applicant	Top scientific organization
1	Cambridge	GB	ARM	Cambridge University
2	San Jose-San Francisco, CA	Us	Google	Stanford University
3	Oxford	GB	Oxford University	Oxford University
4	Eindhoven	NL	Philips Electronics	Eindhoven Universityof Tech.
5	Boston-Cambridge,MA	Us	MIT	MIT
6	Daejeon	KR	LG Chem	KAIST
7	Ann Arbor,MI	Us	University of Michigan	University of Michigan
8	San Diego,CA	Us	Qualcomm	Universityof California San Diego
9	Seattle,WA	Us	Microsoft	University of Washington Seattle
10	Munich	DE	BMW	Technical University of Munich
11	Kanazawa	JP	Fujitsu	Kanazawa University
12	Raleigh, NC	US	Duke University	Duke University
13	Goteborg	SE	LM Ericsson	University of Gothenburg
14	Bejing	CN	BOE Technology	Tsinghua University
15	Stockholm	SE	LM Ericsson	Karolinska Institutet
16	Helsinki	FI	Nokia	University of Helsinki
17	Zurich	CH	ETH Zurich	ETH Zurich
18	Tokyo-Yokohama	JP	Mitsubishi Electric	University ofTokyo
19	Basel	CH/DE/FR	DSM IP Assets	University of Basel
20	Copenhagen	DK	Novo Nordisk	Universityof Copenhagen
21	Nuremberg-Erlangen	DE	Siemens	Universityof Erlangen Nuremberg
22	Stuttgart	DE	Robert Bosch	Eberhard Karls UniversityofTubingen
23	Minneapolis, MN	Us	3M Innovative Properties	Universityof Minnesota Twin Cities
24	Pittsburgh,PA	US	University ofPitsburgh	Universityof Pitsburgh
25	Seoul	KR	Samsung Electronics	Seoul National University

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, May 2023.
Notes: a Per capita figures refer to 1,000,000 of population. KAIST = Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology; MIT = Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Seen through a lens focused on intensity, many clusters in Europe and the United States are seen to exhibit S&T activity that is more intensive than their Asian counterparts (see Map 3 and Table 9). The United States has eight clusters in the top 25 measured by S&T intensity. Following behind the United States is Germany, with three clusters in the top 25 (with Munich moving up rapidly to 10th spot), while the following four countries each have two clusters: the United Kingdom (with Cambridge and Oxford holding two of the top 3 rankings by intensity), Japan (with Kanazawa and Tokyo–Yokohama both improving their ranking), the Republic of Korea (with Seoul entering into the top 25) and Sweden (with Lund–Malmö dropping out of the top 25).

Clusters located in China show a relatively weaker performance, with regards to S&T intensity. However, there is one exception: Beijing. With a population estimated at almost 20 million, Beijing ranks 14th by intensity, mid-way between the smaller metropolises of Göteborg (13th) and Stockholm (15th) located in Sweden. Apart from Beijing, there is no other S&T cluster located in China or any other middle-income economy that ranks among the top 25 most intensive clusters globally.

India, however, does make it into the top 100 by S&T intensity for four clusters: Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai.

Endnotes

Seoul’s improvement in ranking was primarily due to its merging with Cheonan-si, a city just to the south of Seoul whose patent and scientific publication density reached the clustering threshold for the first time this year.

2 See Appendix Table 3, noting that, relative to population, US cluster San Jose–San Francisco, CA, ranks second in the world, see section S&T intensity of the top 100 clusters

3 Net S&T output refers to a change in combined output of both components (PCT filings and SCIE articles) over time.

4 Istanbul deserves a closer look, as it underwent a steep decline in ranking. This decline was primarily driven by a large area to its southeast failing to meet density criteria and therefore no longer within the cluster boundary of Istanbul. When controlling for the cluster’s boundaries, Istanbul had positive growth in both PCT filings and SCIE articles.

Reference

Bergquist, K. and C. Fink (2020). The top 100 science and technology clusters. In Dutta, S., B. Lanvin and S. Wunsch-Vincent (eds), The Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? Ithaca, NY, Fontainebleau and Geneva: Cornell University, INSEAD and WIPO.

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